GURO
Para sa akin ang isa sa magiting na bayani ang pagiging isang guro, dahil itinuturo nila sa atin ang lahat ng kanilang mga kaalaman upang tayo ay matuto. Malaki ang naitutulong ng isang guro sa mga tao, dahil guro ang nagiging dahilan kung bakit umaasenso ang buhay ng mga tao sa mundo. Siguro kung walang magtuturo na guro sa mundo, baka ang mga tao ay lumaking walang alam o mga mangmang. Salamat po sa mga guro, dahil ginagawa nyo ang lahat para walang taong lumaki ng walang alam o mangmang.
Ang isang guro (mula sa Sanskrito: गुरु [guru]) o titser ay isang tao na nagbibigay ng edukasyon para sa mga mag-aaral. Ang gampanin ng guro ay kadalasang pormal at umiiral, na isinasagawa sa isang paaralan o ibang lugar ng edukasyong pormal. Sa maraming mga bansa, ang isang tao na nais maging isang guro ay dapat na makakamit muna ng tinukoy na mga kuwalipikasyong pamprupesyon o mga kredensiyal magmula sa isang pamantasan o dalubhasaan. Ang mga kuwalipikasyong pamprupesyon ay maaaring magbilang ng pag-aaral ng pedagohiya, ang agham ng pagtuturo. Ang mga guro, katulad ng iba pang mga prupesyunal, ay maaaring magpatuloy ng kanilang edukasyon pagkaraan makamit nila ang kuwalipikasyon, isang prosesong nakikilala bilang nagpapatuloy na kaunlarang pamprupesyon. Ang mga guro ay maaaring gumamit ng isang planong panleksiyon (planong pang-aralin) upang makapagbigay ng pagkatuto ng mga estudyante, na nakapagbibigay ng isang kurso ng pag-aaral na tinatawag na kurikulum. Ang gampanin ng isang guro ay maaaring magkaiba-iba sa mga kultura. Ang mga guro ay maaaring magturo ng edukasyong pangliterasya at numerasya, kasanayan o kagalingan sa isang larangan o pagsasanay na bukasyunal, sining, relihiyon, sibika, mga gampaning pampamayanan, o kasanayang pampamumuhay. Ang isang guro na nagbibigay ng edukasyon para sa isang indibiduwal ay maaari ring ilarawan bilang isang personal o pansariling tutor (tagapagturo) o isang gobernesa o tagaiwi (hindi katumbas ng yaya). Sa ilang mga bansa, ang pormal na edukasyon ay maaaring maganap sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral sa tahanan. Ang pagkatutong impormal ay maaaring tulungan ng isang guro na mayroong isang gampaning pansamantala o umiiral, katulad ng isang kasapi ng mag-anak, o sa pamamagitan ng isang tao na may kaalaman o mayroong mga kasanayan sa loob ng mas malawak na tagpuang pampamayanan.
( https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guro )
Sahod ng mga guro sa pampublikong paaralan, iminungkahing gawing P36k
Published April 29, 2014 7:04pm
Isang panukalang batas ang inihain sa Kamara de Representantes para gawing Salary Grade 20 mula sa kasalukuyang Salary Grade 11 na minimum salary grade level ng mga guro sa mga pampublikong paaralan. Kung maaaprubahan ito, mula sa kasalukuyang P18,549.00, magiging P36,567.00 ang buwanang sahod ng mga guro.
Paliwanag ng mga may-akda ng panulang batas na sina Magdalo party-list Reps. Francisco Ashley Acedillo at Gary Alejano, kailangan nang itaas ang sahod ng mga guro, na itinuturing nilang "most underpaid at overworked professionals."
Nais umano ng mga mambabatas na bigyan-buhay ang intensiyon ng nakasaad sa Saligang Batas na bigyan ng pinakamalaking bahagi ng taunang badget ng pamahalaan ang sektor ng edukasyon ng bansa.
"Paragraph 5 under Section 5 of Article 6 provides that, 'the State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment,'" paliwanag ng may akda.
Dagdag nila, “Despite the fact that they looked upon and heralded as molders of the youth, public school teachers receive a basic salary under the Salary Standardization Law (SSL3) of P18,549 only.”
Sa ilalim ng third phase ng Salary Standardization Law, ang basic monthly rate para sa Salary Grade 20 sa mga kawani ng pamahalaan at P36,567 at P18,549 para naman sa Salary Grade 11.
Panahon na umano na dagdagan ang sahod ng mga guro para natulungan sa tumataas na gastusin ang mga propesyunal na humuhubog ng karunungan ng mga kabataan.
Nakasaad sa panukalang batas na nakabinbin sa House committee on appropriations, na may tatlong taon ang Department of Education (DepEd) para ayusin ang plantilla positions ng mga guro at pagtukoy sa pagkukunan ng pondo para sa dagdag sahod.
Naniniwala ang mga mambabatas na sapat na ang tatlong taon para mabigyan ng sapat na panahon ang Department of Budget and Management (DBM) para ihanda ang pondo sa pagpapatupad ng salary adjustment.
Paliwanag ng mga may-akda ng panulang batas na sina Magdalo party-list Reps. Francisco Ashley Acedillo at Gary Alejano, kailangan nang itaas ang sahod ng mga guro, na itinuturing nilang "most underpaid at overworked professionals."
Nais umano ng mga mambabatas na bigyan-buhay ang intensiyon ng nakasaad sa Saligang Batas na bigyan ng pinakamalaking bahagi ng taunang badget ng pamahalaan ang sektor ng edukasyon ng bansa.
"Paragraph 5 under Section 5 of Article 6 provides that, 'the State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment,'" paliwanag ng may akda.
Dagdag nila, “Despite the fact that they looked upon and heralded as molders of the youth, public school teachers receive a basic salary under the Salary Standardization Law (SSL3) of P18,549 only.”
Sa ilalim ng third phase ng Salary Standardization Law, ang basic monthly rate para sa Salary Grade 20 sa mga kawani ng pamahalaan at P36,567 at P18,549 para naman sa Salary Grade 11.
Panahon na umano na dagdagan ang sahod ng mga guro para natulungan sa tumataas na gastusin ang mga propesyunal na humuhubog ng karunungan ng mga kabataan.
Nakasaad sa panukalang batas na nakabinbin sa House committee on appropriations, na may tatlong taon ang Department of Education (DepEd) para ayusin ang plantilla positions ng mga guro at pagtukoy sa pagkukunan ng pondo para sa dagdag sahod.
Naniniwala ang mga mambabatas na sapat na ang tatlong taon para mabigyan ng sapat na panahon ang Department of Budget and Management (DBM) para ihanda ang pondo sa pagpapatupad ng salary adjustment.
( http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/ulatfilipino/358874/sahod-ng-mga-guro-sa-pampublikong-paaralan-iminungkahing-gawing-p36k/story/ )
Reel Time presents Teacher! Teacher!
Sa kabila ng pagmamalaki ng gobyerno na naitaas na ang budget para sa edukasyon sa bansa, naghihikahos pa rin umano ang sektor na ito sa dami ng kakulangan, kabilang na ang kakulangan sa bilang ng mga guro sa mga pampublikong eskwelahan.
Ayon sa Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT), napalala pa ng K+12 curriculum ang mga kakulangan sa sektor ng edukasyon. Sa kabila ng 61,510 na-hire na mga bagong guro noong 2013, nasa mahigit 40,000 pa rin daw ang kulang. Nasaan nga ba ang mga mahal nating guro?
Isa sa itinuturong dahilan ng kakulangan ng mga public school teacher sa Pilipinas ang napakaliit na sahod na natatanggap nila. Ang isang lisensiyadong guro ay tumatanggap ng minimum na sahod na P18,549 ($425) sa loob ng isang buwan. Ang mga guro sa Estados Unidos ay nakatatanggap ng mula pito hanggang walong beses ng sahod na natatanggap ng mga guro sa Pilipinas.
Ayon kay Senador Juan Angara na nagpapanukala ng P33,859 ($775) na minimum salary para sa mga guro, ang “unattractive salary levels” sa mga public school ang nagtataboy sa mga pinakamagagaling at pinakamatatalinong graduates mula sa mga kolehiyo at unibersidad palayo sa pagtuturo sa bansa. Ang pagtataas umano ng sahod ay isang paraan upang hikayatin ang mga guro na mas pagbutihin ang propesyun na siya ring paraan upang umangat ang kalidad ng edukasyon sa bansa.
Isa sa solusyon ng gobyerno para mapunan ang kakulangan ng mga guro ang pagha-hire ng mga volunteer teacher na gaya nina Rosalia Gilbuena. Hindi man pumasa sa Licensure Examination for Teachers, nakapagturo si Rosalia sa isang private school sa Cavite at sa mga elementary public school sa Samar.
Apat na beses nang sumubok kumuha ng LET si Rosalia pero hindi siya pinapalad na makapasa. Ayon sa kaniya, self-review lang kasi ang ginagawa niya dahil wala siyang kakayahang pinansiyal upang pumasok sa mga review center. Aaabutin kasi ng hindi bababa sa pitong libong piso ang magagastos niya kapag nag-review center siya.
At dahil hindi LET passer, nagkakasya na lang si Rosalia sa nakukuhang honorarium na P3,000 kada buwan sa pagtuturo sa dalawang klase sa isang public school sa Samar. Ang sahod na ito, napupunta rin umano sa mga gastusin niya sa eskwelahan tulad ng visual aids, school supplies, at uniporme. Minsan, siya pa umano ang nagbibigay ng papel, lapis, at pagkain sa ibang estudyante niyang wala talagang kakayahan upang mahikayat silang pumasok sa eskwelahan.
Pero noong 2014, hindi na nakapagturo pa si Rosalia dahil walang item para sa kaniya. Kaya nang may mag-alok na pumasok siya bilang kasambahay sa halagang P7,000 bilang starting na sahod, agad na tinanggap ito ni Rosalia. Sa isip ni Rosalia, ito na ang daan upang makapag-ipon siya para sa kaniyang LET review. Kahit anong paraan basta’t marangal, gagawin daw ni Rosalia matupad lang ang kaniyang pangarap na maging lisensiyadong guro.
Ang kuwento ng buhay ni Noel Abinsay, hindi rin nalalayo kay Rosalia. Dalawampung taon nang nagtuturo si Noel pero hanggang ngayon, volunteer teacher din ang kaniyang estado at nagkakasya sa P3,000 honorarium mula sa munisipyo at sa bayad na P100 kada estudyante bawat buwan. Hindi na rin niya umano pinagtuunan pa ng pansin ang pagkuha ng LET dahil hindi na niya ito umano napaglalaanan pa. Tulad ni Rosalia, sagot niya ang mga gastusin sa kaniyang day care center. Masaya naman umano siya sa kaniyang buhay at itinuturing na kayamanan ang mga batang napamahal na sa kaniya.
( https://www.facebook.com/gmanews/posts/10152792657091977 )
( https://www.facebook.com/gmanews/posts/10152792657091977 )
PAGTUTURO, WALANG
HIGIT NA DAKILANG
TUNGKULIN
Mapagkukunang Gabay sa Pagtuturo ng Ebanghelyo
Ang Bawat Miyembro ay Guro
Nang turuan ng nabuhay na mag-uling Tagapagligtas ang mga Nephita, sinabi Niya: “Itaas ninyo ang inyong ilawan upang ito ay magliwanag sa sanlibutan. Masdan, ako ang ilaw na inyong itataas— yaong kung alin ay nakita ninyong aking ginawa (3 Nephi 18:24). Sa tagubiling ito hindi gumawa ng pagtatangi ang Panginoon sa mga nakarinig ng Kanyang tinig. Ang lahat ay inutusan na magturo. Ang gayon din ay totoo ngayon. Ang responsibilidad na ituro ang ebanghelyo ay hindi natatakdaan lamang sa mga may pormal na tungkulin bilang mga guro. Bilang isang miyembro ng Ang Simbahan ni Jesucristo ng mga Banal sa mga Huling Araw, mayroon kayong responsibilidad na ituro ang ebanghelyo. Bilang magulang, anak, asawa, kapatid, pinuno sa Simbahan, guro sa silid-aralan, tagapagturo ng tahanan, dumadalaw na tagapagturo, kasamahan sa trabaho, kapit-bahay, o kaibigan, may mga pagkakataon kayong magturo. Minsan makapagtuturo kayo nang hayagan at tuwiran sa pamamagitan ng mga bagay na sinasabi ninyo at ng inyong pagpapatotoo. At palagi kayong nagtuturo sa pamamagitan ng pagpapakita ng halimbawa. Sinabi ng Panginoon, “Ito ang aking gawain at aking kaluwalhatian—ang isakatuparan ang kawalang-kamatayan at buhay na walang hanggan ng tao” (Moises 1:39). Habang iniisip ninyo ang papel na ginagampanan ng pagtuturo ng ebanghelyo sa kaligtasan at kadakilaan ng mga anak ng Diyos, makaiisip pa ba kayo ng tungkuling higit na dakila o banal? Ito ay nangangailangan ng inyong masigasig na mga pagsisikap upang mapalawak ang inyong pang-unawa at mapahusay ang inyong mga kasanayan, nalalamang pauunlarin ang inyong mga kakayahan ng Panginoon kapag nagtuturo kayo sa paraang iniuutos Niya. Ito ay isang gawain ng pagmamahal—isang pagkakataon upang tulungan ang iba na gamitin ang kanilang kalayaan sa pagpili nang matwid, lumapit kay Cristo, at tanggapin ang mga biyaya ng buhay na walang hanggan.
( https://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/tagalog/pdf/language-materials/36123_tgl.pdf?lang=tgl )
Achievement Rate among Grade 6 pupils(Based on National Achievement Tests)
Source: Deped data as of September 2015
| |||
| School year | |||
| Subject | 2005-2006 | 2013-2014 | 2014-2015 |
| Math | 53.7% | 72.4% | 69.7% |
| Science | 46.8% | 66.6% | 67.2% |
| English | 54.1% | 70.2% | 71.8% |
| Hekasi | 58.1% | 64.6% | 67.9% |
| Filipino | 60.7% | 76.2% | 68.9% |
Meanwhile, 4th year high school students displayed a downward trend in Math, English, and Araling Panlipunan (Social Studies).
As of 2015, the Philippines did not meet all of its education targets in the Millennium Development Goals. The K to 12 program is set to be fully implemented by 2017. It aims to strengthen math, science, and language. So far, all 2016 presidential bets are in favor of K to 12, only varying in how they plan to further improve the program.
( http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/125903-ph-education-in-numbers )
As of 2015, the Philippines did not meet all of its education targets in the Millennium Development Goals. The K to 12 program is set to be fully implemented by 2017. It aims to strengthen math, science, and language. So far, all 2016 presidential bets are in favor of K to 12, only varying in how they plan to further improve the program.
( http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/125903-ph-education-in-numbers )
Preliminary results of the 2014 Annual Survey of Philippine Business and Industry (ASPBI) conducted nationwide, showed that a total of 3,546 establishments with total employment (TE) of 20 and over in the formal sector of the economy were engaged in private education sector. Secondary/high school education garnered the highest number of establishments with 1,542 (43.5%). Higher education industry has the second largest number of 1,251 (35.3%). Educational support services industry had the least number of establishments at 3 (0.1%). Figure 1 shows the percentage distribution of private education sector by industry group. On the regional level, National Capital Region (NCR) had the highest number of establishments with 811 (22.9%). CALABARZON followed second with 657 establishments (18.5%). Central Luzon ranked third with 447 establishments (12.6%). Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and CARAGA had the least, both with 50 establishments (0.1%) each. ( https://psa.gov.ph/content/2014-annual-survey-philippine-business-and-industry-aspbi-education-sector-establishments )
------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. ABSTRACT
* 5 ABSTRACT Under-graduate Thesis
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED BEED
STUDENTS TO STUDY IN SPC
College of Education
St. Peter’s College
Iligan City, Philippines
Almairah D. Hadji Manan
Rahilah R. Abdulraof
Aina A. Macatana
Anirah P. Ali
August 6, 2017
ABSTRACT
Title: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED BEED
STUDENTS TO STUDY IN SPC
No. of Pages -
Researcher -
Adviser - Ciriaco M. Gillera, PhD
School - St. Peter’s College
Sabayle Street, Iligan City
Degree - Bachelor in Elementary Education
Major in General Education
Year Completed - 2017
Sponsor - Personal Study
Type of Publication - Unpublished
Keywords - Cooperative Learning, Teaching Approach,
Factors that influence students to study in SPC, Quasi-Experiment, Research Design, Iligan City, Philippines
--------------------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Arts in Communication Research
Ma. Beatriz Corina P. Astudillo
The Role of Online Communities in the Formation of
Critical Opinion and Discourse on Current Issues in Philippine Society
Thesis Adviser
Professor Maria Rosel S. San Pascual
College of Mass Communication
University of the Philippines Diliman
Date of Submission April 2014
ABSTRACT
Astudillo, B. (2014). The role of online communities in the formation of critical opinion
and discourse on current issues in Philippine society. Unpublished Undergraduate
Thesis, University of the Philippines, Diliman.
This thesis study describes how Filipino online communities aimed at critiquing and
effecting social change promote the formation of critical opinion and stimulate discourse
on current issues in Philippine society. It is guided by findings from previous studies
which suggest that the success of an online community is determined by several
influences and attributes such as: the community’s purpose; its degree of technological
mediation; the usability and sociability of communicative platforms used; and the
characteristics of the population of its members who interact with one another, such as
their personal backgrounds and motivations for participation, as well as the size of the
population itself. Using a framework of concepts integrated from media richness theory,
participatory communication models, activity theory, Habermas’ theory of
communicative action, and media system dependency theory, the study analyzes popular
online communities Filipino Freethinkers (FF) and Philippine Atheists and Agnostics
Society (PATAS) as media for social action by: profiling members in terms of their
socio-economic characteristics, social and political orientations, participation in the
community, and media dependency; analyzing the content, socio-political orientation,
and structural and functional attributes of these online communities; and examining the
impact of community activities (both online and offline) on participants’ interaction with
one another and response to social issues.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Arts in Communication Research
Joyce M. Aguillon
Precious B. Romano
SmokeCheck:
A Study on the Effects of NCR Male High School Students’ Exposure to and Recall of
Anti-Smoking Advertisements to Their Perceptions of and Attitudes toward Smoking
Thesis Adviser:
Professor Randy Jay C. Solis
College of Mass Communication
University of the Philippines Diliman
Date of Submission
April 2012
ABSTRACT
Aguillon, J. &Romano, P(2012). SMOKECHECK: A study on the effects of NCR male
high school students’ exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements to their
perceptions of and attitudes towards smoking, Unpublished Thesis, University of the
Philippines College of Mass Communication.
The study aims to determine the effects of the extent of exposure to anti-smoking
advertisements and the recall of National Capital Region (NCR) male high school
students to their perceptions of and attitudes toward smoking. Male students were chosen
because
The Health Belief Model (HBM), Mere Exposure Theory, and Availability
Heuristics Principle were used for the theoretical framework of the study. A survey was
conducted randomly among 400 NCR male high school students. The researchers also
conducted two Focus Group Discussions divided to smokers and nonsmokers.
the 2007 Global Youth Tobacco Survey estimates that there are 17% or 4 million
Filipino youths with ages 13-15 years who are smoking. Of these early starters, 2.8
million are boys and 1.2 million are girls, thus majority are male in the high school level.
Results found out that three in ten NCR male high school students had tried
smoking at ages 12 to 14 years. There was a high general perceived susceptibility and
severity of having smoking-related diseases among the NCR male high school students.
The general attitude of the students toward smoking was either positive or negative
(neutral). The study also found out that there was a weak correlation between the NCR
male high school students’ exposure to and recall of anti-smoking advertisements and
their perceptions of and attitudes towards smoking.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
Labor Mismatch in the Philippines: Analysis of the Impact of
Education-Occupation Mismatch on Wage
and Analysis of the Beveridge Curve
Labor Mismatch in the Philippines: Analysis of the Impact of
Education-Occupation Mismatch on Wage
and Analysis of the Beveridge Curve
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts Major in Economics
By
Jasa, Mary Del A.
Jasa, Mary Ann A.
Corpuz, Edralyn L.
February 2013
ABSTRACT
Title: Labor Mismatch in the Philippines: Analysis of the Impact of EducationOccupation
Mismatch on Wage and Analysis of the Beveridge Curve
Researchers:
Jasa, Mary Del A.
Jasa, Mary Ann A.
Corpuz, Edralyn L.
School: University of Santo Tomas
Degree: Bachelor of Arts
Major: Economics
Year: Fourth Year
Adviser: Dr. Emmanuel Lopez
In analyzing the education-occupation mismatch on wage, the
researchers run a regression of the dummy variable: MATCH variable relating
to the college graduates that were employed either in matched or unmatched
occupations against the log of hourly wages. A matched individual is the one
having the primary occupation in line with his/her field of study. An unmatched
individual is the one having the primary occupation not in line with his/ her field
of study. The college graduates under these 3 fields of study -Education, Social
Sciences, Business and Law & Services who pursue with the occupation
related to their field of study earn higher wages rather than having occupation
not related to their field of study (lower wages). While, the college graduates
under these 5 Fields of Study (Humanities and Art, Science, Engineering,
Manufacturing and Construction, Agriculture, Health and Welfare) who pursue
with the occupation related to their field of study (matched), earn lower wages;
while if they pursue with the occupation not related to his/her field of study
(unmatched), they could higher wages. Also, the Beveridge Curve showed a
positive correlation (0.768721874) between the unemployment rate and job
vacancy rate. From this point, the researchers conclude the existence of the
education-occupation mismatch in the Philippines.
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ISTAMBAY:
A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF YOUTH INACTIVITY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
By
Clarence M. Batan
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
at
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
February 2010
© Copyright by Clarence M. Batan, 2010
Abstract
This dissertation explores the life experiences of a particular group of young people in the
Philippines known as the ―istambay‖, a Filipino term derived from the English phrase ―on
standby‖. The study examines the concept of istambay and the dynamics of inactivity in
the lives of selected Filipino youth. It illustrates the habitus, life contexts, and the web of
crises that these youth negotiate within the protective realms of family and religion, and
the dismal labour conditions in the country. Methodologically, the study utilizes a mixed
methods approach that includes both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Primary
qualitative data are derived from case studies, songs, field notes, and ethnographic
observations. Secondary quantitative analyses are conducted using the Young Adult
Fertility and Sexuality Study (YAFS) 2002 and a perceptual survey.
The study is theoretically oriented around Mills‘ sociological imagination and Bourdieu‘s
theory of practice. It illustrates that the istambay phenomenon is more than a personal
trouble (problematic istambay). It is a public issue (istambay problematique). The study
also shows the varying levels of vulnerability experienced by different types of istambay.
Research findings reveal the istambay phenomenon is a manifestation of the interrelated
problems in the educational system and the labour market of the Philippines. The
consequence of inactivity among these istambays is found to be mitigated by the culture
of care provided by Filipino families combined with solace derived from the church.
However, istambays are also found to express disconnection from the state because of the
government‘s inability to provide employment for them, resulting in their quest for
employment ―abroad‖ (overseas) as an alternative. Youth inactivity, although moderated
by a familial-faith dynamic, highlights how complex forms of inequalities in the
Philippines marginalize the istambays from gaining legitimate active status in Philippine
society.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SCANNING HALL PROBE MICROSCOPY
OF MAGNETIC VORTICES IN VERY UNDERDOPED
YTTRIUM-BARIUM-COPPER-OXIDE
a dissertation
submitted to the department of physics
and the committee on graduate studies
of stanford university
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
doctor of philosophy
Janice Wynn Guikema
March 2004
Copyright by Janice Wynn Guikema 2004
All Rights Reserved
Abstract
Since their discovery by Bednorz and M¨uller (1986), high-temperature cuprate
superconductors have been the subject of intense experimental research and theoretical
work. Despite this large-scale effort, agreement on the mechanism of high-Tc has
not been reached. Many theories make their strongest predictions for underdoped
superconductors with very low superfluid density ns/m∗
. For this dissertation I implemented
a scanning Hall probe microscope and used it to study magnetic vortices in
newly available single crystals of very underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+x (Liang et al. 1998,
2002). These studies have disproved a promising theory of spin-charge separation,
measured the apparent vortex size (an upper bound on the penetration depth λab),
and revealed an intriguing phenomenon of “split” vortices.
Scanning Hall probe microscopy is a non-invasive and direct method for magnetic
field imaging. It is one of the few techniques capable of submicron spatial resolution
coupled with sub-Φ0 (flux quantum) sensitivity, and it operates over a wide temperature
range. Chapter 2 introduces the variable temperature scanning microscope and
discusses the scanning Hall probe set-up and scanner characterizations. Chapter 3
details my fabrication of submicron GaAs/AlGaAs Hall probes and discusses noise
studies for a range of probe sizes, which suggest that sub-100 nm probes could be
made without compromising flux sensitivity.
The subsequent chapters detail scanning Hall probe (and SQUID) microscopy
studies of very underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+x crystals with Tc ≤ 15 K. Chapter 4 describes
two experimental tests for visons, essential excitations of a spin-charge separation
theory proposed by Senthil and Fisher (2000, 2001b). We searched for predicted
hc/e vortices (Wynn et al. 2001) and a vortex memory effect (Bonn et al. 2001) with
v
null results, placing upper bounds on the vison energy inconsistent with the theory.
Chapter 5 discusses imaging of isolated vortices as a function of Tc. Vortex images
were fit with theoretical magnetic field profiles in order to extract the apparent vortex
size. The data for the lowest Tc’s (5 and 6.5 K) show some inhomogeneity and suggest
that λab might be larger than predicted by the Tc ∝ ns(0)/m∗
relation first suggested
by results of Uemura et al. (1989) for underdoped cuprates. Finally, Chapter 6 examines
observations of apparent “partial vortices” in the crystals. My studies of
these features indicate that they are likely split pancake vortex stacks. Qualitatively,
these split stacks reveal information about pinning and anisotropy in the samples.
Collectively these magnetic imaging studies deepen our knowledge of cuprate superconductivity,
especially in the important regime of low superfluid density.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Performance Enhancement of Intrusion Detection
Systems using Advances in Sensor Fusion
A THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
by
Ciza Thomas
Supercomputer Education and Research Centre
Indian Institute of Science
BANGALORE – 560 012
April 2009
°c Ciza Thomas
April 2009
All rights reserved
All rights reserved
Abstract
The technique of sensor fusion addresses the issues relating to the optimality
of decision-making in the multiple-sensor framework. The advances in sensor
fusion enable to perform intrusion detection for both rare and new attacks. This
thesis discusses this assertion in detail, and describes the theoretical and experimental
work done to show its validity.
The attack-detector relationship is initially modeled and validated to understand
the detection scenario. The different metrics available for the evaluation of intrusion
detection systems are also introduced. The usefulness of the data set
used for experimental evaluation has been demonstrated. The issues connected
with intrusion detection systems are analyzed and the need for incorporating
multiple detectors and their fusion is established in this work. Sensor fusion
provides advantages with respect to reliability and completeness, in addition to
intuitive and meaningful results. The goal for this work is to investigate how
to combine data from diverse intrusion detection systems in order to improve
the detection rate and reduce the false-alarm rate. The primary objective of the
proposed thesis work is to develop a theoretical and practical basis for enhancing
the performance of intrusion detection systems using advances in sensor
fusion with easily available intrusion detection systems. This thesis introduces
the mathematical basis for sensor fusion in order to provide enough support for
the acceptability of sensor fusion in performance enhancement of intrusion detection
systems. The thesis also shows the practical feasibility of performance
enhancement using advances in sensor fusion and discusses various sensor fusion
algorithms, its characteristics and related design and implementation issues.
We show that it is possible to build performance enhancement to intrusion
detection systems by setting proper threshold bounds and also by rule-based fusion.
We introduce an architecture called the data-dependent decision fusion as a framework for building intrusion detection systems using sensor fusion based
on data-dependency. Furthermore, we provide information about the types of
data, the data skewness problems and the most effective algorithm in detecting
different types of attacks. This thesis also proposes and incorporates a modified
evidence theory for the fusion unit, which performs very well for the intrusion
detection application. The future improvements in individual IDSs can also
be easily incorporated in this technique in order to obtain better detection capabilities.
Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed methods have the
capability of detecting a significant percentage of rare and new attacks. The
improved performance of the IDS using the algorithms that has been developed
in this thesis, if deployed fully would contribute to an enormous reduction of
the successful attacks over a period of time. This has been demonstrated in the
thesis and is a right step towards making the cyber space safer.
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The Psychological Mechanisms Underpinning
Experience-based Choice
A dissertation by
Adrian Ryan Camilleri
Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy / Masters of Psychology (Organisational)
September 2011
School of Psychology
The University of New South Wales
Sydney, Australia
Abstract
Most decisions occur in the context of uncertainty. Usually we do not possess
explicit knowledge of all the outcomes and their associated probabilities; instead, we
must estimate this outcome distribution information from our own personal
experience with similar past situations. The primary goal motivating the work
contained within was to reveal the psychological mechanisms underlying such
experience-based choices. The phenomenon inspiring this goal was the observation
that preferences tend to reverse depending on whether information about alternative
outcome distributions is learnt from a summary description or from the experience of
sequentially sampling outcomes. In the first experimental chapter it is argued that
much of this description-experience “gap” can be attributed to non-representative
samples serving as the basis of experience-based choice. Such non-representative
samples can occur externally – because of frugal sampling efforts – and internally –
because of limited cognitive resources. Both of these sources of bias have the effect
of under-representing rare events. However, as discussed in the second experimental
chapter, these explanations are sufficient only when costless sampling is followed by
a single choice. In contrast, the gap remains in situations where each of many
samples is a repeated, consequential choice. It is argued that the sequential nature of
these repeated choices induces a short horizon and heavy reliance on recent
outcomes. The final experimental chapter demonstrates that decision-makers appear
to integrate their experience in such a way as to overestimate rare events and under
estimate common events. It is argued that this judgment error reflects the processes
of a noisy, instance-based memory system. The system is mechanised in a new and successful model of experience-based choice: the exemplar-confusion model. It is
concluded that description- and experience-based choice formats lie along a
continuum of uncertainty and share important core features, including the explicit
representation of probability, the combining of this probability information with
outcome information, and utility maximization. The implication of this conclusion is
that the differences between description- and experience-based choices emerge from
how uncertainty information is acquired, rather than how it is represented or used.
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Flexible, Wide-Area Storage for Distributed Systems
Using Semantic Cues
by
Jeremy Andrew Stribling
B.S., University of California, Berkeley (2002)
S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2005)
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
at the
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
September 2009
c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2009. All rights reserved.
Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
August 31, 2009
Certified by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M. Frans Kaashoek
Professor
Thesis Supervisor
Certified by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Robert Morris
Professor
Thesis Supervisor
Certified by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jinyang Li
Assistant Professor, NYU
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professor Terry P. Orlando
Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Theses
Flexible, Wide-Area Storage for Distributed Systems Using Semantic Cues
by Jeremy Andrew Stribling
by Jeremy Andrew Stribling
Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
on August 31, 2009, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
on August 31, 2009, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Abstract
There is a growing set of Internet-based services that are too big, or too important, to run at a single
site. Examples include Web services for e-mail, video and image hosting, and social networking.
Splitting such services over multiple sites can increase capacity, improve fault tolerance, and reduce
network delays to clients. These services often need storage infrastructure to share data among the
sites. This dissertation explores the use of a new file system (WheelFS) specifically designed to be
the storage infrastructure for wide-area distributed services.
WheelFS allows applications to adjust the semantics of their data via semantic cues, whic h provide
application control over consistency, failure handling, and file and replica placement. This
dissertation describes a particular set of semantic cues that reflect the specific challenges that storing
data over the wide-area network entails: high-latency and low-bandwidth links, coupled with
increased node and link failures, when compared to local-area networks. By augmenting a familiar
POSIX interface with support for semantic cues, WheelFS provides a wide-area distributed storage
system intended to help multi-site applications share data and gain fault tolerance, in the form of a
distributed file system. Its design allows applications to adjust the tradeoff between prompt visibility
of updates from other sites and the ability for sites to operate independently despite failures and
long delays.
WheelFS is implemented as a user-level file system and is deployed on PlanetLab and Emulab.
Six applications (an all-pairs-pings script, a distributed Web cache, an email service, large
file distribution, distributed compilation, and protein sequence alignment software) demonstrate
that WheelFS’s file system interface simplifies construction of distributed applications by allowing
reuse of existing software. These applications would perform poorly with the strict semantics
implied by a traditional file system interface, but by providing cues to WheelFS they are able to
achieve good performance. Measurements show that applications built on WheelFS deliver comparable
performance to services such as CoralCDN and BitTorrent that use specialized wide-area
storage systems.
Thesis Supervisor: M. Frans Kaashoek
Title: Professor
Thesis Supervisor: Robert Morris
Title: Professor
Thesis Supervisor: Jinyang Li
Title: Assistant Professor, NYU
------------------------------------------------------------------
A critical reappraisal of some problems
in engineering seismology
A thesis submitted to the University of London
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and for the Diploma of the
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
By
John Douglas
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
London, SW7 2BU
October 2001
ABSTRACT
The estimation of strong-motion characteristics is important for engineering design. Such an estimation,
often in terms of peak ground acceleration and spectral ordinates, is usually based on the
combination of physical models that describe the process with observed ground motions recorded
during earthquakes.
A multitude of results have been derived over the past thirty years, based on different models
and different quantities and qualities of input data. However, there is still little consensus on their
validity and on the associated uncertainties which are important for the estimation of expected
ground motions in design.
This thesis describes investigations of whether best use is being made of the strong-motion observations
now becoming available, given the assumptions underlying the relationships to estimate
ground motions, in the hope that this estimation can be improved. Potential sources of scatter, from
each stage of the derivation of attenuation relations are highlighted, and many of these are critically
examined to assess their importance. This is achieved by: assessing the inherent uncertainty of
the input strong-motion data including that arising from accelerogram processing, examining the
importance of independent parameters and the effect of uncertainties and errors in these variables
and by investigating the effect of the data distribution with respect to the independent variables.
This thesis presents updated relations for horizontal and vertical near-field strong-motion characteristics
including peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration, examines the assessment of
permanent ground displacements in the near field due to faulting and estimates the effect of vertical
ground motion on horizontal response. It concludes that any further improvement of the scaling of
ground motions with seismological parameters and local site conditions depends primarily on the
acquisition of more high-quality observational data.
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* 5 ABSTRACT Copy from Internet
TITLE:
OVERTURNING THE SUPREME COURT:
TREATING FOREIGN INTERNATIONAL
ARBITRAL AWARDS AS EXCEPTIONS TO THE
RULE ON FINALITY OF JUDGMENTS
AUTHOR: DRANYL JARED P. AMOROSO
DATE: 2010
DATE: 2010
ABSTRACT:
This thesis aims to examine the possibility of treating a foreign international arbitral award
as a compelling reason for the Supreme Court to amend or even overturn its own final judgment.
The issue stems from the ongoing arbitration between the Philippine Government and the
Philippine International Airport Transport Corporation (PIATCO). In 2003, the Supreme Court
rendered its decision in Agan vs. PIATCO, nullifying the build-operate-transfer contract of PIATCO.
This, notwithstanding the fact that PL4TCO had already filed an arbitration case with the International
Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Singapore for arbitration pursuant to the arbitration
clause in the contract. The Singapore High Court took cognizance of the arbitration case despite
the Government's contentions that it had no jurisdiction over the matter. This turn of events could
have been prevented had the Supreme Court suspended the proceedings before it and required the
Government entities and PIATCO to proceed with arbitration.
Then came R.A. 9285, the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004. Supposedly, it gives
rest to the issue as to what the local courts should do when confronted with an arbitrable issue -
suspend the proceedings before it and refer the parties to arbitration. However, jurisprudence subsequent
to PIATCO and R.A. 9285 shows the Supreme Court's adherence to pre-empting the international
arbitration route and ruling upon the legal issues of the case on the merits.
This is not surprising considering that the law merely incorporates the UNCITRAL Model
Law and the New York Convention to govern the proceedings and enforcement of awards of foreign
international arbitration cases. Under these two international instruments, the possibility of having
parallel proceedings is not prevented. What to do in case of conflicting decisions arising from parallel
proceedings are likewise not provided for. Therefore with the Supreme Court's insistence on
taking cognizance of arbitrable issues, coupled with the inadequacy of international instruments, a
unique situation similar to the PIATCO cases could be expected to proliferate in the future. This
unique situation is where the problem lies - the Supreme Court would be faced with foreign arbitration
awards dealing with the exact issues of the same parties on a case which it had already decided.
What would the Supreme Court do then? Will it reject the enforcement of the award, and, if so,
on what grounds? More importantly, what are the possible remedies of the winning party in the arbitration
case to have his award enforced? Or will it be impossible since it would be going against
a final Supreme Court ruling?
( http://ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/Best%20Thesis%202010_0.pdf )
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TITLE:
EXPLORING EXPLORATION
FITTING THE JOINT MARINE SEISMIC UNDERTAKING
AND OIL EXPLORATION LAWS INTO THE MOLD OF
SECTION 2, ARTICLE XII OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
AUTHOR: MA. CHRISTINA E. TECSON
DATE: 2010
ABSTRACT:
Jura Regalia is a concept adhered to by the 1935, 1973, and 1987 Constitutions of the Philippines.
This doctrine not only dictates that all natural resources are owned by the State, but also recognizes
the importance of the same for national economic development, security, and national defense.
Thus, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution espouses the policy of "full control and supervision
by the State" in the exploration, development, and utilization (EDU) of the country's natural resources,
and provides for four methods through which private citizens can participate in such activities
— joint venture, co-production, profit sharing, and financial and technical assistance agreement
(FTAA).
The legal framework for the EDU of the natural resources of the Philippines is made up of two
laws: The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (R.A. No. 7942), governing the EDU of mineral resources
and enacted under the 1987 Constitution, and The Oil Exploration and Development Act of 1972
(P.D. No. 87), governing the EDU of petroleum resources, promulgated under the 1973 Constitution.
While the validity of R.A. No. 7942 has been upheld by the Supreme Court in the landmark case of La
Bugal B 'laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, the legitimacy of P.D. No. 87 has not yet been tested under
the current organic document. This is crucial because P.D. No. 87 espouses the old regime of
service contracts of the 1970's - a regime which lacks the safeguards installed by the 1987 Constitution
as interpreted by the Supreme Court in the La Bugal B 'Iaan case.
Despite the comprehensive guidelines established for the EDU of the Philippines' natural resources,
however, one contract seems to have escaped the reaches of the law. The Joint Marine Seismic
Undertaking (JMSU) between the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam
involving the Spratlys Area stirred up a political storm with its unfamiliar terms, unconventional parties,
and controversial agreement area. It seems to be a contract that has fallen between the cracks,
an international commercial agreement that just does not fit perfectly in the mold of the current legal
and jurisprudential framework for the EDU of natural resources, making its true nature cloudy and
mysterious.
While determining the place of the JMSU in the legal framework for EDU is essential, one
more important task must be undertaken for the issues at hand to come full circle: the laws on oil
exploration must be updated to reflect the changes introduced by the 1987 Constitution to the service
contract regime as explained by the Supreme Court in the La Bugal B laan case. Doing so would
allow the government to more properly assert its ownership over natural resources within the territory
it claims and propel the exploration and wise utilization of natural wealth to greater heights, thus
permitting a larger chunk of the population to enjoy the benefits of the country's wealth.
( http://ateneo.edu/aps/law/best-thesis )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TITLE:
WRONGFUL CAPTURE, PROPER DETENTION
CHALLENGING THE DOCTRINE OF MALE
CAPTUS,BENE DETENTUS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
AUTHOR: ROLAND GLENN T. TUAZON
DATE: 2011
ABSTRACT:
International law commentators have accorded Male Captus, Bene Detentus ["MCBD"]
with doctrinal, or arguably, customary status. Therefore, despite the glaring absence of any treaty
or convention that expressly allows States to validly detain and prosecute those forcibly abducted
and rendered from another State's territory without the latter's consent, States have flaunted the
imprimatur to do so. MCBD, translated to "wrongly captured, properly detained," has been widely
accepted in International law.
The acceptance of MCBD as doctrinal is problematic. There has been a "spiral of silence"
as to practices contrary to MCBD — thus, in order to establish consistency in State practice, it has
been easy to frame domestic decisions from various States to simply highlight those that uphold
MCBD. Commentators have silenced dissenting State practices, artificially establishing
consistency. States have also acceded to MCBD not because of any perceived legal obligation, but
in due deference to their respective executive branches. Due to this "hands-off' approach by some
judiciaries, they have allowed practices constituting MCBD to stand not because these are valid,
but because they refuse to impinge on the executive's prerogative. Moreover, one must also
consider the special circumstances attending the cases where courts have applied MCBD, which
belie any attempt to extrapolate a general rule that would apply to any situation.
A proposed six-step framework addresses the resulting legal lacuna from the rejection of
MCBD. One: The framework will only apply for international crimes committed anywhere in the
world, or non-international crimes committed in a different territorial jurisdiction from the
apprehending State. For the latter, the apprehending State must possess prescriptive jurisdiction
over the act. Two: If the apprehending State violated an existing extradition treaty with the host
state, the latter may demand restitution under the Articles on State Responsibility. Three: The three
actors empowered to protest an illegal apprehension are the host State, a State entitled to exercise
diplomatic protection over the apprehended individual, and the apprehended individual him or
herself, contrary to what both Ker and Eichmann posit. Four: One must distinguish between extraterritorial
apprehensions and torture or CIDT: torture has attained jus cogens and erga omnes
status; while extraterritorial apprehensions are subject to derogation provisions under the ICCPR,
in situations where the life of a nation is threatened. Torture, in exceptional circumstances like the
ticking time bomb scenario, however, may be justified ex post facto. Five: The court determines
whether there are exigent circumstances. Should the court deem that there are no exigent
circumstances, and law enforcers committed infringing acts, it must divest itself of jurisdiction.
When there are exigent circumstances, if the infringing acts "shock the conscience," then the court
must divest itself as well of jurisdiction; if they exceed necessity but do not shock the conscience, the
court maintains jurisdiction, without prejudice to liabilities imposed If the acts done by the law
enforcers are proportionate to need, then the court may maintain jurisdiction. Six: Finally, the
framework allows the court to motu propio apply the framework during the trial itself, when facts
evincing infirm acts by the law enforcers during the apprehension become apparent, even without
prior protest.
( http://ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/Best%20Thesis%202011_0.pdf )
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TITLE:
A MANDATE AGAINST HATE:
FINDING AND FOUNDING A PHILIPPINE LAW
ON HATE CRIMES
AUTHOR: RAOUL ANGELO DE FIESTA ATADERO
DATE: 2011
ABSTRACT:
Crimes motivated by bias or hate (Hate Crimes) are especially vicious, producing grave
emotional and psychological impact on the victim and the group that shares the victim’s
characteristic. These acts destroy the bonds of democratic society, fragment communities, and are an
invidious form of discrimination. As the Philippines is no stranger to these crimes, the state of
Philippine law vis-à-vis these acts must be determined in order that they may be adequately
addressed, and vulnerable groups properly protected.
This study provides a survey of relevant Philippine Laws and reveals that while a ,few scattered
provisions exist touching on the issue, notably an Aggravating Circumstance and Crimes Against
Religion in the Revised Penal Code, domestic law is woefully inadequate or in many instances silent
on Hate Crimes. Legislation must therefore be updated and completed to protect vulnerable groups
against Hate Crimes. To this end, this inquiry proposes that through legislation, a bias motive in
crimes should he treated as an aggravating circumstance to enhance penalties for offenders and
serve as a deterrent against similar acts. Further, a mandate for law enforcement agencies to
recognize, record, and report bias-motivated crimes is recommended in order that the various organs
of the State may craft a more tailored response to these acts.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TITLE:
TARGETED KILLINGS: AN EXAMINATION OF
ITS PERMISSIBILITY UNDER HUMAN RIGHTS
LAW, THE LAW ON THE USE OF INTER-STATE
FORCE, AND INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW
AUTHOR: BYRON P. PEREZ
DATE: 2011
ABSTRACT:
The events of 9/11 and attacks by terrorists as well as the so-called "rogue states" have
ushered into the international law arena a new and different kind of conducting armed hostilities
called targeted killing. In recent years, a number of States have adopted a policy of using targeted
killings. As of this writing, there is only one decided case specifically dealing with the subject of
targeted killings, Public Committee against Torture in Israel vs. Government of Israel, decided by
the Israeli Supreme Court in December 2006. In that case, the Israeli Supreme Court essentially
upheld the policy of the Israeli government with respect to the targeting of Palestinian terrorists who
plan, launch or commit terrorist acts against Israel. The United States, on its part, has adopted a
policy of launching "lethal covert operations" which includes the targeted killing of individuals
identified by it to be threat to peace and order in society. This emerging practice of targeted killings
triggered a heated debate regarding its legal as well as its moral permissibility.
Proponents of the practice of targeted killing advance broad claims for its justification.
invoking the right of a State to self-defense and that targeted killings comply with the minimum
requirements of international humanitarian law such as the principle of distinction and
proportionality. Accordingly, provided these standards are complied with, a State may resort to
targeted killings in order to eliminate an actual or imminent threat.
Those opposing the practice of targeted killings, meanwhile, proffer that targeted killings
violate human rights, particularly the human right to life, such that it constitutes an arbitrary and
unlawful deprivation of life. Thus, outright condemnation by all States of the practice of targeted
killings have continuously been advocated by its oppositors.
While the term targeted killing as well as its practice by States such as the United States and
Israel is new and not fully accepted under international law as of this writing, it cannot be called
unlawful per se. The permissibility or non-- permissibility of targeted killings under international
law may properly be assessed depending on the context under which it is conducted.
Under the context of law enforcement or during peacetime situations, any case of targeted
killing is governed by the applicable human rights law or human rights standards. Hence, the
protection accorded to the right to life is paramount, from which no derogation may be made.
Thus, the non-lethal means of arrest.
( http://ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/Best%20Thesis%202011_0.pdf )
